Saturday, June 30, 2012

La Atención (laguia2000.com)


La atención es la capacidad de concentración espontánea o voluntaria de la conciencia en un objeto externo o interno, que la mente percibe porque motiva o interesa.

Tanto desde el punto de vista espontáneo y automático como en el sensorio motor, representa un aspecto del funcionamiento de la conciencia más que una actividad particular.

Una vez que la tensión psicológica va introduciendo más orden y va logrando diferenciar los fenómenos, la atención ya no se puede separar del afecto que la anima, o sea que se verá estimulada, estrictamente, por la motivación y el interés.

La conciencia de los fenómenos se sostiene por fuerzas afectivas que pueden asegurar o comprometer el orden y la claridad.

Los trastornos de la atención y de la concentración representan la dispersión de la atención espontánea, o bien, la falta de eficacia de la atención voluntaria, porque le resulta imposible mantener el pensamiento en el ámbito central del campo de integración y elaboración mental, que es donde se realiza la operación de diferenciar analíticamente todos los elementos de un fenómeno.

En ciertos casos, este trastorno perturba la posibilidad de cambio, de variación y el flujo de la ideación.

Para evaluar estos problemas de atención, habitualmente se utiliza una batería de tests, y además se realizan otras pruebas y la observación clínica.

Estos métodos se deben combinar para descubrir esta discapacidad, que suele ser frecuente en estados de confusión mental y en las demencias y para orientar y confirmar el resultado del diagnóstico de las lesiones orgánicas.

La atención se puede mejorar realizando tareas que exijan concentración y que además resulten placenteras para el sujeto.

Las investigaciones sobre este tema indican que en circunstancias normales, no se puede fijar la atención más de veinte minutos, además, del hecho de que de todo lo que se percibe y experimenta, sólo se puede recordar conscientemente alrededor de un veinte por ciento.

En algunas situaciones, mantener la atención requiere un esfuerzo significativo, por ejemplo, en conferencias que resultan tediosas y monótonas, en clases universitarias y también del secundario que no logran, por distintos motivos, despertar el interés de los oyentes y de los alumnos.

Existen algunas técnicas para que tanto los profesores o los oradores, puedan obtener una mejor atención de los alumnos o del público:

- Respetar los descansos y no prolongar las exposiciones más del tiempo prudente recomendado.

- Matizar las clases con ejemplos relacionados con la actualidad;

- Incentivar a los alumnos u oyentes a realizar preguntas o hacerles preguntas relacionadas con lo que están enseñando;

- Incluir diseños, gráficos o bien imágenes, diapositivas o videos, ya que la percepción gráfica ayuda a prestar atención y a registrar en la memoria mucho más que un extenso y aburrido monólogo;

- Hablar con matices y no en forma monótona, repitiendo y poniendo énfasis en lo que es esencial.

- Aprender a ser elocuente, que significa adquirir la capacidad de mantener el interés del público mediante una forma de hablar que deleite, convenza, impresione y conmueva y que además logre despertar la curiosidad del que escucha.

También existen técnicas para que el oyente pueda prestar más atención, cuando la disertación se convierte en algo monótono que hace que la mente divague:

- Tomar apuntes de los conceptos esenciales, ya que esta tarea exige realizar una operación más compleja que la atención, como es la abstracción. De esta manera la persona puede mantenerse alerta, favorecer el registro de los contenidos o evitar ser invadida por sus propios pensamientos.

- Participar haciendo preguntas sobre lo que no se entiende y además sirve para aclarar las dudas.

- Involucrarse en los temas que se están tratando y tomar una posición, adoptando una actitud crítica e intentando ver otros aspectos que no se han tenido en cuenta, o que se ignoran, para poder sostener determinadas formas de pensar.

-Comprometiéndose, porque si no hay compromiso, disminuye el interés, la motivación y es imposible prestar atención.

Fuente: “Tratado de Psiquiatría”, Henry Ey, P. Bernard y Ch. Brisset.

Study Questions with Answers Part 2 - The Master Key System


11. What are the two modes of mental activity?
Conscious and subconscious.
12. Upon what do ease and perfection depend?
Ease and perfection depend entirely upon the degree in which we cease to depend upon the conscious mind.
13. What is the value of the subconscious?
It is enormous; it guides us, warns us, it controls the vital processes and is the seat of memory.
14. What are some of the functions of the conscious mind?
It has the faculty of discrimination; it has the power of reasoning; it is the seat of the will and may impress the subconscious.
15. How has the distinction between the conscious and subconscious been expressed?
"Conscious mind is reasoning will. Subconscious mind is instinctive desire, the result of past reasoning will."
16. What method is necessary in order to impress the subconscious?
Mentally state what is wanted.
17. What will be the result?
If the desire is in harmony with the forward movement of the great Whole, forces will be set in motion which will bring about the result.
18. What is the result of the operation of this law?
Our environment reflects conditions corresponding to the predominant mental attitude which we entertain.
19. What name has been given to this law?
The Law of Attraction.
20. How is the law stated?
Thought is a creative energy, and will automatically correlate with its object and bring it into manifestation.

The Master Key System - Part Two


Our difficulties are largely due to confused ideas and ignorance of our true interests. The great task is to discover the laws of nature to which we are to adjust ourselves. Clear thinking and moral insight are, therefore, of incalculable value. All processes, even those of thought, rest on solid foundations.

The keener the sensibilities, the more acute the judgment, the more delicate the taste, the more refined the moral feelings, the more subtle the intelligence, the loftier the aspiration -- the purer and more intense are the gratifications which existence yields. Hence it is that the study of the best that has been thought in the world gives supreme pleasure.

The powers, uses and possibilities of the mind under the new interpretations are incomparably more wonderful that the most extravagant accomplishment, or even dreams of material progress.

Thought is energy. Active thought is active energy; concentrated thought is a concentrated energy. Thought concentrated on a definite purpose becomes power. This is the power which is being used by those who do not believe in the virtue of poverty, or the beauty of self-denial. They perceive that this is the talk of weaklings.

The ability to receive and manifest this power depends upon the ability to recognize the Infinite Energy ever dwelling in man, constantly creating and recreating his body and mind, and ready at any moment to manifest through him in any needful manner. In exact proportion to the recognition of this truth will be the manifestation in the outer life of the individual.

Part Two explains the method by which this is accomplished.
 
PART TWO
1. The operations of the mind are produced by two parallel modes of activity, the one conscious, and the other subconscious. Professor Davidson says: "He who thinks to illuminate the whole range of mental action by the light of his own consciousness is not unlike the one who should go about to illuminate the universe with a rushlight."

2. The subconscious’ logical processes are carried on with a certainty and regularity which would be impossible if there existed the possibility of error. Our mind is so designed that it prepares for us the most important foundations of cognition, whilst we have not the slightest apprehension of the modus operandi.

3. The subconscious soul, like a benevolent stranger, works and makes provision for our benefit, pouring only the mature fruit into our lap; thus ultimate analysis of thought processes shows that the subconscious is the theatre of the most important mental phenomena.
4. It is through the subconscious that Shakespeare must have perceived, without effort, great truths which are hidden from the conscious mind of the student; that Phidias fashioned marble and bronze; that Raphael painted Madonnas and Beethoven composed symphonies. 

5. Ease and perfection depend entirely upon the degree in which we cease to depend upon the consciousness; playing the piano, skating, operating the typewriter, the skilled trades, depend for their perfect execution on the process of the sub-conscious mind. The marvel of playing a brilliant piece on the piano, while at the same time conducting a vigorous conversation, shows the greatness of our subconscious powers.

6. We are all aware how dependent we are upon the subconscious, and the greater, the nobler, the more brilliant our thoughts are, the more it is obvious to ourselves that the origin lies beyond our ken. We find ourselves endowed with tact, instinct, sense of the beautiful in art, music, etc., or whose origin or dwelling place we are wholly unconscious.
7. The value of the subconscious is enormous; it inspires us; it warns us; it furnishes us with names, facts and scenes from the storehouse of memory. It directs our thoughts, tastes, and accomplishes tasks so intricate that no conscious mind, even if it had the power, has the capacity for. 

8. We can walk at will; we can raise the arm whenever we choose to do so; we can give our attention through eye or ear to any subject at pleasure. On the other hand, we cannot stop our heartbeats nor the circulation of the blood, nor the growth of stature, nor the formation of nerve and muscle tissue, nor the building of the bones, nor many other important vital processes.

9. If we compare these two sets of action, the one decreed by the will of the moment, and the other proceeding in majestic, rhythmic course, subject to no vascillation, but constant at every moment, we stand in awe of the latter, and ask to have the mystery explained. We see at once that these are the vital processes of our physical life, and we can not avoid the inference that these all-important functions are designedly withdrawn from the domain of our outward will with its variations and transitions, and placed under the direction of a permanent and dependable power within us.
10. Of these two powers, the outward and changeable has been termed the "Conscious Mind," or the "Objective Mind" (dealing with outward objects). The interior power is called the "Subconscious Mind," or the "Subjective Mind," and besides its work on the mental plane it controls the regular functions which make physical life possible. 

11. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of their respective functions on the mental plane, as well as of certain other basic principles. Perceiving and operating through the five physical senses, the conscious mind deals with the impressions and objects of the outward life.

12. It has the faculty of discrimination, carrying with it the responsibility of choice. It has the power of reasoning - whether inductive, deductive, analytical or syllogistic - and this power may be developed to a high degree. It is the seat of the will with all the energies that flow therefrom.
13. Not only can it impress other minds, but it can direct the subconscious mind. In this way the conscious mind becomes the responsible ruler and guardian of the subconscious mind. It is this high function which can completely reverse conditions in your life. 

14. It is often true that conditions of fear, worry, poverty, disease, inharmony and evils of all kinds dominate us by reason of false suggestions accepted by the unguarded subconscious mind. All this the trained conscious mind can entirely prevent by its vigilant protective action. It may properly be called "the watchman at the gate" of the great subconscious domain.

15. One writer has expressed the chief distinction between the two phases of mind thus: "Conscious mind is reasoning will. Subconscious mind is instinctive desire, the result of past reasoning will."
16. The subconscious mind draws just and accurate inferences from premises furnished from outside sources. Where the premise is true, the subconscious mind reaches a faultless conclusion, but, where the premise or suggestion is an error, the whole structure falls. The subconscious mind does not engage in the process of proving. It relies upon the conscious mind, "the watchman at the gate," to guard it from mistaken impressions. 

17. Receiving any suggestions as true, the subconscious mind at once proceeds to act thereon in the whole domain of its tremendous field of work. The conscious mind can suggest either truth or error. If the latter, it is at the cost of wide-reaching peril to the whole being.

18. The conscious mind ought to be on duty during every waking hour. When the "watchman" is "off guard," or when its calm judgment is suspended, under a variety of circumstances, then the subconscious mind is unguarded and left open to suggestion from all sources. During the wild excitement of panic, or during the height of anger, or the impulses of the irresponsible mob, or at any other time of unrestrained passion, the conditions are most dangerous. The subconscious mind is then open to the suggestion of fear, hatred, selfishness, greed, self-depreciation and other negative forces, derived from surrounding persons or circumstances. The result is usually unwholesome in the extreme, with effects that may endure to distress it for a long time. Hence, the great importance of guarding the subconscious mind from false impressions.
19. The subconscious mind perceives by intuition. Hence, its processes are rapid. It does not wait for the slow methods of conscious reasoning. In fact, it can not employ them. 

20. The subconscious mind never sleeps, never rests, any more than does your heart, or your blood. It has been found that by plainly stating to the subconscious mind certain specific things to be accomplished, forces are set in operation that lead to the result desired. Here, then, is a source of power which places us in touch with Omnipotence. Here in is a deep principle which is well worth our most earnest study.

21. The operation of this law is interesting. Those who put it into operation find that when they go out to meet the person with whom they anticipate a difficult interview, something has been there before them and dissolved the supposed differences; everything is changed; all is harmonious; they find that when some difficult business problem presents itself they can afford to make delay and something suggests the proper solution; everything is properly arranged; in fact, those who have learned to trust the subconscious find that they have infinite resources at their command.
22. The subconscious mind is the seat of our principles and our aspirations. It is the fount of our artistic and altruistic ideals. These instincts can only be overthrown by an elaborate and gradual process of undermining the innate principles. 

23. The subconscious mind cannot argue controversially. Hence, if it has accepted wrong suggestions, the sure method of overcoming them is by the use of a strong counter suggestion, frequently repeated, which the mind must accept, thus eventually forming new and healthy habits of thought and life, for the subconscious mind is the seat of Habit. That which we do over and over becomes mechanical; it is no longer an act of judgment, but has worn its deep grooves in the subconscious mind. This is favorable for us if the habit be wholesome and right. If it be harmful, and wrong, the remedy is to recognize the omnipotence of the subconscious mind and suggest present actual freedom. The subconscious being creative and one with our divine source will at once create the freedom suggested. 

24. To sum up: The normal functions of the subconscious on the physical side have to do with the regular and vital processes, with the preservation of life and the restoration of health; with the care of offspring, which includes an instinctive desire to preserve all life and improve conditions generally.
25. On the mental side, it is the storehouse of memory; it harbors the wonderful thought messengers, who work, unhampered by time or space; it is the fountain of the practical initiative and constructive forces of life: It is the seat of habit. 

26. On the spiritual side, it is the source of ideals, of aspiration, of the imagination, and is the channel through which we recognize our Divine Source, and in proportion as we recognize this divinity do we come into an understanding of the source of power.

27. Some one may ask: "How can the subconscious change conditions?" The reply is, because the subconscious is a part of the Universal Mind and a part must be the same in kind and quality as the whole; the only difference is one of degree. The whole, as we know, is creative, in fact, it is the only creator there is, consequently, we find that mind is creative, and as thought is the only activity which the mind possesses, thought must necessarily be creative also.
28. But we shall find that there is a vast difference between simply thinking, and directing our thought consciously, systematically and constructively; when we do this we place our mind in harmony with the Universal Mind, we come in tune with the Infinite, we set in operation the mightiest force in existence, the creative power of the Universal Mind. This, as everything else, is governed by natural law, and this law is the "Law of Attraction," which is that Mind is creative, and will automatically correlate with its object and bring it into manifestation. 

29. Last week I gave you an exercise for the purpose of securing control of the physical body; if you have accomplished this you are ready to advance. This time you will begin to control your thought. Always take the same room, the same chair, and the same position, if possible. In some cases it is not convenient to take the same room, in this case simply make the best use of such conditions as may be available. Now be perfectly still as before, but inhibit all thought; this will give you control over all thoughts of care, worry and fear, and will enable you to entertain only the kind of thoughts you desire. Continue this exercise until you gain complete mastery.

30. You will not be able to do this for more than a few moments at a time, but the exercise is valuable, because it will be a very practical demonstration of the great number of thoughts which are constantly trying to gain access to your mental world.
31. Next week you will receive instructions for an exercise which may be a little more interesting, but it is necessary that you master this one first. 

Cause and effect is as absolute and undeviating in the hidden realm of thought as in the world of visible and material things. Mind is the master weaver, both of the interior garment of character and the outer garment of circumstance
James Allen

Concentración (Vocabulario)

Concentración

  1. f. Reunión en un lugar de lo que estaba en varios:
    concentración de manifestantes.
  2. Internamiento o reclusión de los deportistas y sus equipos antes de competir, con el fin de prepararse física y mentalmente para la victoria:
    el entrenador ha decidido que la concentración será en un balneario.
  3. quím. En una disolución, relación que existe entre la cantidad de sustancia disuelta y la del disolvente:
    en el mar hay una gran concentración de sal.
  4. Estado mental que permite reflexionar sobre una sola cosa y mantener la atención en ella:
    necesita concentración para estudiar.
  5. concentración parcelaria Agrupación de diversas fincas rústicas de reducida extensión en una más grande para facilitar el cultivo.

Concentración

  • densidad, condensación, aglutinación, solidificación, conglomeración
  • manifestación, reunión, aglomeración, centralización, muchedumbre, mitin
    • Antónimos: disolución, dispersión

Atención (Vocabulario)

Atención

  1. f. Acción de atender:
    le cuesta mantener la atención en clase.
  2. Cortesía, urbanidad, demostración de respeto. Más en pl.:
    mientras permanecí en su casa fui objeto de toda clase de atenciones.
  3. interj. Se usa para pedir especial cuidado a lo que se va a decir o hacer:
    ¡atención!, vamos a comenzar.
  4. a la atención de alguien loc. Para alguien:
    envía este paquete a la atención de la alcaldesa.
  5. en atención a loc. adv. Teniendo en cuenta:
    le otorgaron una condecoración en atención a sus méritos profesionales.
  6. llamar la atención loc. Despertar interés:
    tu personalidad fue lo primero que llamó mi atención.
  7. loc. Sorprender:
    nos llamó mucho la atención que llegaran por separado.
  8. loc. Reconvenir, amonestar:
    tuve que llamarles la atención porque no paraban de charlar.

Atención

  • interés, cuidado, esmero, vigilancia, curiosidad, observación, inclinación, escucha, aplicación, reflexión, meditación, análisis
    • Antónimos: desinterés, distracción, inadvertencia
  • cortesía, educación, consideración, respeto, amabilidad, urbanidad, delicadeza, miramiento, solicitud, deferencia, obsequio, cumplido, agasajo
    • Antónimos: descortesía, desconsideración
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