- British scientists found tastes shift in line with 'key life challenges'
- Teenagers like 'intense' music, while those in early adulthood opt for 'contemporary' and 'mellow' choices as they search for close relationships
- The study by the University of Cambridge, used data from more than a quarter of a million people over a 10 year period
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The study found that, unsurprisingly, the first
great musical age is adolescence, which is defined by a short, sharp
burst of 'intense' music
Plenty of teenagers might claim they
will love One Direction forever or will never want to borrow a classical
CD from their parents, but British scientists have found certain music
genres are associated with five key stages in a human life.
Music
stays important to people as they age but what they listen to is chosen
to suit particular 'life challenges' they face and meet social and
psychological needs, the researchers said.
They
confirmed what may people have thought for a while - teenagers have
little taste in music and what we listen to gets more boring as we grow
older.
Researchers at Cambridge University have identified five broad categories of musical taste during a person's life.
They
believe humans use music to experiment with identity and define
themselves and then as a social vehicle to establish a group and find a
mate, before using it to express their intellect, status and greater
emotional understanding.
The study suggests that
unless people take the Who's advice and die before they get old, their
taste in music will probably change to meet their social and
psychological needs.
Researchers said the study, published in the journal of Personality and Social Psychology, is the first to 'comprehensively document' the ways people engage with music 'from adolescence to middle age'.
Using data gathered
from more than a quarter of a million people over a ten year period,
researchers divided musical genres into five broad categories they call
the MUSIC model - mellow, unpretentious, sophisticated, intense,
contemporary - and plotted the patterns of preference across age-groups.
'Intense' music, such as punk and metal peaks in
adolescence and declines in early adulthood, while 'contemporary' music
such as pop begins a rise that plateaus until early middle age. Dr
Rentfrow said teenage years are often dominated by the need to establish
identity and music is a cheap way to do this
THE FIVE STAGES
- The first is the 'intense' period when punk or metal dominates adolescence as teens explore their own identity.
- After that listeners gravitate towards 'contemporary' electronic and R&B music which reflects the autonomy of early adulthood.
- That phase of 'romantic, emotionally positive and danceable' music gives way to a 'Mellow' period as listeners search for love and start families.
- Following that is the 'sophisticated' age of jazz and classical pieces.
- And finally as we mature and lose the need for peer approval we become more inclined to 'unpretentious' music such as country and folk.
These five categories incorporate
multiple genres that share common musical and psychological traits -
such as loudness and complexity.
The
study found that, unsurprisingly, the first great musical age is
adolescence, which is defined by a short, sharp burst of ‘intense’ and
the start of a steady climb of ‘contemporary’.
‘Intense’
music, such as punk and metal peaks in adolescence and declines in
early adulthood, while ‘contemporary’ music such as pop and rap begins a
rise that plateaus until early middle age.
Dr Jason Rentfrow, senior researcher on the study, said: 'Teenage years are often dominated by the need to establish identity, and music is a cheap, effective way to do this.'
‘"Intense’ music, seen as aggressive,
tense and characterised by loud, distorted sounds has the rebellious
connotations that allow adolescents to stake a claim for the autonomy
that is one of this period’s key life challenges.'
As 'intense' gives way to the rising tide of
'contemporary' and 'mellow', like R&B, in early adulthood, the next
musical age emerges. Dr Rentfrow said 'these forms of music reinforce
the desire for intimacy and complement settings where people come
together with the goal of establishing close relationships'
As ‘intense’ gives way
to the rising tide of ‘contemporary’ and introduction of ‘mellow’, such
as electronic and R&B, in early adulthood, the next musical age
emerges.
These two 'preference dimensions' are considered 'romantic, emotionally positive and danceable,' the researchers wrote.
Dr
Rentfrow said: 'Once people overcome the need for autonomy, the next
life challenge concerns finding love and being loved – people who
appreciate this "you" that has emerged.'
'What
we took away from the results is that these forms of music reinforce
the desire for intimacy and complement settings where people come
together with the goal of establishing close relationships – parties,
bars, clubs and so on.
'Whereas
the first musical age is about asserting independence, the next appears
to be more about gaining acceptance from others.'
As
people settle down and middle age begins to creep in, the last musical
age, as identified by the researchers, is dominated by ‘sophisticated’
music, such as jazz and classical and ‘unpretentious’ tunes, such as
country, folk and blues.
As people settle down and middle
age begins to creep in, the last musical age, as identified by the
researchers, is dominated by 'sophisticated' music, such as jazz and
classical and 'unpretentious' tunes, such as country, folk and blues
The researchers said
both these dimensions are seen as 'positive and relaxing' with
‘sophisticated’ music indicating the complex aesthetic of high culture
that could be linked to social status and perceived intellect, while
‘unpretentious’ echoes sentiments of family, love and loss – emotionally
direct music that speaks to the experiences most will have had by this
life stage.
Dr Rentfrow
said: 'As we settle into ourselves and acquire more resources to
express ourselves – career, home, family, car – music remains an
extension of this and at this stage there are aspects of wanting to
promote social status, intellect and wealth that play into the increased
gravitation towards ‘sophisticated’ music, as social standing is seen
as a key life challenge to be achieved by this point.
'At
the same time, for many this life stage is frequently exhausted by work
and family, and there is a requirement for relaxing, emotive music for
those rare down times that reflects the other major life challenge of
this stage - that of nurturing a family and maintaining long-term
relationships - perhaps the hardest of all.'
Arielle Bonneville-Roussy from Cambridge’s Department of Psychology, who led the study, said:
'Due to our very large sample size, gathered from online forms and
social media channels, we were able to find very robust age trends in
musical taste.
'I find
it fascinating to see how seemingly trivial behaviour such as music
listening relates to so many psychological aspects, such as personality
and age.'
The study found that for many middle-aged
people, frequently exhausted by work and family, there is a requirement
for relaxing, emotive music for down times that reflect the other major
life challenge of this stage - that of nurturing a family and
maintaining long-term relationships
